Higher education systems in South Asia have not kept pace with the changing requirements of the modern global economy. With increasing progress at the secondary level, demand for higher education is likely to expand. Therefore, higher education systems face upward pressure as they need to absorb more students and deploy more teachers. South Asian countries are already experiencing a mushrooming number of higher education institutions. Moreover, most of them have achieved middle-income status; advancing further will require strategic investments in higher education.
Furthermore, quality needs to be enhanced, particularly to strengthen industry and labour market linkages and promote research capacity. South Asian countries rank low on global innovation capacity.
A rapidly changing world fuelled by the Fourth Industrial Revolution beckons a transformation in education and training systems.
Transforming higher education systems, however, requires getting governance right. South Asian countries follow the legacy of the British higher education system comprising an intermediary body, the University Grants Commission, that was designed to act as a buffer between universities and the government to prevent direct government control and political interference in funding allocation.
This system in the United Kingdom has evolved over time. The University Grants Commission, and its successor body, were abolished nearly three decades ago. However, governance structures in South Asian countries remain stagnant. Fundamental reforms are required to get higher education governance right.
Why the need for fundamental reforms in higher education governance?
First, higher education institutions can no longer afford to confine themselves to the traditional role of teaching and injecting workers into the labour force.
They need to be the engines of growth and drive innovation in line with the demands of a new era marked by rapid technological advancements and unprecedented disruptions. To this end, they should produce graduates who are equipped not only with industry-relevant skills but also with the ability to create and leverage knowledge for innovation.
Second, multiple governance gaps exist in higher education. Strategic planning is a prerequisite for driving innovation. Yet, no appropriate body exists to fulfil this role.
Another gap stems from the exclusion of private colleges from government support, despite their growing market share and role in higher education, as well as the absence of mechanisms to build institutional capacity.
Third, university grants commissions lack capacity. These commissions are tasked with numerous responsibilities, including funding, setting standards for curricula, examination and faculty recruitment, and acting as a regulatory body. However, they are not equipped to carry out all of these responsibilities.
Consequently, university grants commissions are unable to contribute effectively to higher education development. Instead, they end up as an additional layer and can deter universities and colleges from pursuing new avenues for growth.
Therefore, an overhaul in higher education governance toward a system that encourages innovation, fosters industry linkages, and builds research capacity is long overdue.
An overhaul in higher education governance toward a system that encourages innovation, fosters industry linkages, and builds research capacity is long overdue.
The following key reforms are needed:
First, remove redundant layers. Specifically, the responsibilities of university grants commissions ought to be slimmed down or restructured significantly. The commissions are often seen primarily as a regulator. For example, in Bangladesh, the University Grants Commission still controls curricula in public and private universities.
In India, the University Grants Commission’s permission is required for matters such as introducing new programs and delivery modes and forming international partnerships. The commissions should instead act as facilitators that support universities in strengthening innovation capacity.
Second, fill the governance gaps. To start with, clarify the roles and responsibilities of the concerned education ministry versus the country’s University Grants Commission. The ministry or an inter-ministerial body should be responsible for developing strategy, policies, and standards for higher education development rather than assigning these responsibilities to an already overstretched University Grants Commission. The commissions could be restructured to focus more on enabling R&D and promoting collaboration with other institutions.
Third, direct control over higher education institutions could be gradually relinquished. Instead, the state and university grants commission could take on a steering role. The state and commission could adopt policies to nudge individual institutions to form partnerships with industry players and other institutions.
Fourth, change the composition of university grants commissions. The first three actions proposed above can only be realised if the current structure and selection process of commission members are reformed. In particular, members’ selection should be based on merit.
University grants commissions could draw members from academia, industry and labour market experts. At the same time, the commissions need administrators with solid management experience. This approach could enable them to fulfil an effective role in shaping higher education institutions into drivers of growth and innovation.
Fifth, get the sequencing right – building state, university grants commission and higher education institutions’ capacity is critical for them to function as able and autonomous institutions. A recent study found that institutional capacity of South Asian higher education systems has not been developed sufficiently; autonomy is also lower compared to that of East Asian systems.
Notably, East Asian countries prioritised capacity building even at the cost of autonomy, and gradually granted autonomy to individual institutions based on their capacity. This approach seems to have worked: East Asia is home to 24 out of the world’s top 100 universities. Clearly, capacity building deserves high priority.
Effective higher education systems are key for countries to advance. To do so, reforming governance structure and practices to align with this goal is a crucial step.
This article was first published on the Asian Development Blog, and can be found here.
Sungsup Ra
Mr. Ra is Chair of the Education Sector Group in ADB. Since joining ADB in 2001, he worked as Director, Pacific Strategy and Special Operations, Pacific Department, Senior Advisor to the Managing Director General, and Deputy Country Director for Bangladesh and Nepal Country Offices. Prior to ADB, he has a broad range of experience working with public and private entities such as Samsung and Korean National Pension. He also taught at leading universities in Japan, Korea, and USA. Author of over 50 publications, he is a regular contributor to public debates in news media and conferences on current economic and human development issues. Recognized in Marquis “Who’s Who,” he is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Journal of Asia-Pacific Economy published by Routledge, UK.
Jung Cheol Shin
Dr. Shin is Professor of Higher Education at Seoul National University. He was involved in policy analysis and policy development at the Korea Ministry of Education about 20 years before he joined Seoul National University in 2006. His research interests are higher education policy, and knowledge and social development. He is Editor-in-Chief of the International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions (Springer, 2020). His book publications include University Rankings (2011), Institutionalization of World-Class University (2012), The Future of the Post-Massified University (2014), Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia (2015), and Higher Education Governance in East Asia (2018). Based on his research, he is expanding his research area to higher education reform in developing higher education systems. He has been involved in consulting on governance and management for ADB's Second-Strengthening Higher Education Project (SSHEP), which supports higher education reform in Laos, since 2020.
Unika Shrestha
Unika works on the education and skills sectors in South Asia. Prior to joining ADB, she worked with the World Bank education team for three years, most recently on the flagship World Development Report 2018 on education in which she assessed the role played by inherent system complexities as well as political economy forces in implementing education policies and programs. She has extensive experience conducting analytical research to answer policy-relevant questions, notably on school governance and financing, social security and financial inclusion.
